MANAGEMENT

Though there are different orguement about origin of insurance its present form is assumed to be started form 12th century marine insurawnce is the oldest and orginal form of insurance in ancient times when when most of the international trade was done through sea route to mainimize risk on the transit concept of insurance was born general average and bottomry bond are two different from of initial marine insurance
fire insurance is another from of insurance conceptudize after great fire happenning in london in 1666 life insurance started form 18th century during 19th century and then after other forms of insurance like ficlelity insurance accidental thift crop etc were develop.

An organization should get various activities done through its staffs to achieve the organizational goals the activities differ on the basis of nature process procedure skill required timings etc if a staff or a group of staffs tries to perform all the activities at a time they cannot perform effectively sometimes some task they have equal importance and may required equal priority so it is as very essential to classify the activities of the organization logically into some manageable units the process of grouping of action into smaller manageable unit is called departmentation
Departmentation facilitates over all coordination of the activities and optimum utilization of organizational resources it provides advantage of specialization of work in the organization it increases operating skills and efficiency of an enterprises it is one of the primary task in designing an organizational structure it is a process where task are group into jobs , jobs into effective work group and word group into identifiable segment or department it helps for effective control supervision coordination between organizational activities . this is one of the commonly used basis for departmentation according to this basis de4partments are establish on the basis of the nature of the functions to be performed in the organization like finance production marketing human resources a Marjory function can farther be divided into sub function if required a team along with specialized department head is assigned responsibility of a department it focuses on specialized department head is assigned responsibility of a department if focused on specialization .

Line organization structure is the oldest and simplest from of organizational structure under this structure all measure decision are made by two executives each subordinate is responsible to senior subordinates authority flows vertically downward from top to bottom. exports and specialist are not tried to suggest the management . no department head can directly issued order or instruction to subordinate of another department this structure was firstly used in army so it is also known as military organizational structure.
Pure line structure under this structure all the staffs of one level preformed same  or similar work but different lines are created even in same level for effective control and supervision for example in a production department of company all staffs may performed same task but to control them same foreman can be assigned supervisory work but workers working under different Foreman perform same task the pure line structure can be presented as follows
Under departmental line structure workers are divided into different department a department head is appointed to each department within the department task are categories on the basis of their natural and process then different supervisors and foreman are appointed under the department head who directly orders and supervises activities of Junior staffs department head of one department cannot issue order to subordinate of another department  the organization structure of departmental line organization .

Organizing is one of the important function of management. organizing can be define as a process as well structure as a process organization is known as a process related too identification and grouping of the task to be performed to achieve the organizational goal delegation of authority and responsibility it accumulates all the human psychical financial and other resources together and  creates a productive relationship among all the resources and the objective of the organization it firstly identifies all the task to suitable staffs staffs are given authority and are responsible for the job performed by them it coordinate among different group activities and objectives by establishing good relationship among them.
As a structure organizing is known as a structure which shows the relationship among various job position of the organization it specifies the division of work in the relationship between different activities it aerates the organizational hierarchy which defines authority responsibility and reporting chain the organizational structure has a pyramid shape it shows there are few people in top level and many subordinates in lower level staffs in higher level have more authority and voiceless it also defines rules and regulation of the organization , according to Roman organizing is the process of defining and grouping the activities of Enterprise and establishing the authority relationship among them.